This procedure confirms that, in situations where collecting is not desirable, tissue from live individuals can be used to define taxa, and for comparisons with DNA from museum specimens of other taxa. Comparisons of base sequences from the cyt-b gene of mitochondrial DNA support the judgement that the bird represents a full species and is not a colour morph or hybrid of examined taxa. The type material comprises moulted feathers, blood samples and DNA extracted from feather quills. Indeed, the abstract of the description reads as follows: Twenty-two years ago, a new bush-shrike species was described from Somalia, and the authors of the description made the decision to set the “type” individual free without preservation they stoked the flames of controversy by naming the species Laniarius liberatus ( Smith et al. These principles establish what a type specimen should be in comprehensive, near-legal terminology, but provide a set of rules that ensure that ornithological nomenclature will be a documented, stable, and evidence-based platform from which bird diversity can be understood. Finally, the Code provides recommendations about types: that they be labeled clearly and unmistakably as types (recommendation 72D) that all label information associated with the type be published (72E) and that the institution housing the specimen ensure that types are clearly marked, carefully preserved, accessible for study, and known to the community (72F). when the taxon cannot be discriminated from other taxa on the basis of the type material), a neotype can be justified and designated (75.3.2). When a type is insufficient to diagnose a taxon (i.e. Among many other points, the Code makes a series of statements about types and their role in modern taxonomy: that only an animal or part of an animal is eligible to serve as a type (Article 72.5.1), and that, when illustrations or descriptions are provided, it is the individual or individuals illustrated or described that are the type, and not the illustration or the description (72.5.6). The first challenge in understanding these points is the formal, legal language of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which is a summary of the rules of order of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN 1999). While these ideas may appear compelling, they lose sight of the principal motive for type specimens: detailed documentation of diagnostic characteristics of species taxa, permitting comparisons not just with known taxa, but also with other taxa that may yet be discovered. As a consequence, his conclusion was that norms for description of new species should be softened to allow more descriptions to proceed without awaiting full specimen documentation. He suggested that alternatives (photographs, blood samples, etc.) may provide richer documentation of phenotypes and genotypes. In a world of advanced genomics, this debate might seem to be ornithological taxonomic trivia, but it turns out to be important in establishing a consistent, biologically based, and stable list of birds of the world.ĭonegan (2008) made a series of arguments that practicalities (e.g., permitting, conservation endangerment, setting positive local examples) may frequently preclude collecting specimens. Specifically, some in the field have questioned whether a type specimen must be, in essence, a dead bird in a museum, or whether photographs, illustrations, and/or tissue samples might suffice ( Donegan 2008). Orrell T.The concept of type specimens as documentation of new species taxa has seen considerable discussion in ornithology in recent years. ↑ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System.Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D.↑ (2005), website, Zoonomen - Zoological Nomenclature Resource, 2005.08.07.Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help) International Union for Conservation of Nature. ![]() Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an. An Ninox sumbaensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ninox, ngan familia nga Strigidae. ![]() An Ninox sumbaensis in uska species han Aves nga ginhulagway ni Olsen, Wink, Sauer-gurth ngan Susan Trost hadton 2002.
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